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• Generally, TCP has been used for Fixed networks with fixed end system, where data transmission takes place using network adapters, fiber optics copper wires, special hardware for routers etc.

• Since, the hardware and software was very matured it won't produce any loss of packets or transmission errors.

• Hence, a packet loss in a fixed network is mainly due to a situation named as congestion.

Definition:

• It is defined as, "a temporary overload, i.e. a packet buffer of a router are filled and the router cannot forward the packets fast enough because, the sum of the input rates of packets destined for one output link is higher than the capacity of the output link".  Thus, results in a dropping of packets.

Slow Start:

• To get rid of congestion quickly, TCP follows a mechanism known as slowstart.

Congestion Avoidance and Control

TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm

Congestion Control Mechanisms